Friday, April 6, 2012
Teknik Boneka
Definisi bonekaBoneka merupakan sebarang benda atau objek yang digerak lakukan oleh pemainsamaada secara sentuhan atau arahan yang bertujuan untuk menyampaikan mesej. Apa sahajaobjek boleh menjadi boneka selagi ia digerakkan oleh pemain. Pemain juga akan cubamenghidupkan watak menerusi dialog yang dpertuturkan atau aksi boneka tanpa sebarangdialog. Selain itu, boneka juga digunakan sebagai alat bantu untuk menyampaikan cerita dengan berkesan. Melalui penggunaan boneka, pendengar dapat menghayati di samping melibatkan dirisecara tidak langsung dalam aktiviti tersebut.
b)Kelebihan teknik boneka
d)Penggunaan Seni Boneka dalam kurikulum
contoh aktiviti boneka
Judul : Ibu dan Aiman Nilai : Jauh perjalanan luas pengalaman
Objektif : kanak-kanak akan dapat
Murid dapat belajar mengeja perkataan
Menerapkan nilai-nilai murni dalam ji kanak-kanak
Mendidik murid menuntut ilmu walau dimana mereka berada.Peralatan : boneka ular, replika kucing, gambar arnab, pokok, bunga, burungTeks : ibu dan Aiman
BABAK 1
Ibu telah membawa anaknya Aiman untuk bersiar-siar ke taman. Sepenjang perjalanan untuk ketaman tersebut terdapat pelbagai haiwan dan tumbuhan yang mereka temui
Ibu : Aiman,mari kita pergi bersiar-siar ke taman.
Aiman : boleh juga, mari ibu!
BABAK 2
Semasa mereka sedang dalam perjalanan ke taman.
Aiman : ibu, apakah itu? Atasnya berwarna hijau dan badanya berwarna coklat?
Ibu : oohh, itu adalah pokok.
Aiman tahu tak untuk eja pokok?
Aiman : maaf ibu, saya tidak tahu. Bagaimana untuk mengeja pokok?
Ibu : Mari kita eja sama-sama. P.O.K.O.K. pokok!
Aiman : P.O.K.O.K. pokok! Ibu apa pula itu? Bulunya lembut, comel lah!Aiman suka!
Ibu : itu adalah kucing. mari kata sama-sama mengeja kucing.K.U.C.I.N.G. kucing!
Aiman : K.U.C.I.N.G kucing!Kucing : meaw, meaw!!
Ibu : Aiman, cuba kamu buat bunyi kucing.
Aiman : kawan-kawan mari ikut Aiman bunyikan bunyi kucing dengankuat. MEAW, MEAW!
Ibu : Aiman, cuba kamu lihat di sebelah pokok tadi itu. Kamu tahu tak apa haiwan itu?
Aiman : errmmm... tak pasti lah ibu. Apakah haiwan itu?
Ibu : itu adalah arnab. Boleh kamu tolong ejakan arnab untuk ibu?
Aiman : A.R...A.R...hmmm... Aiman tidak pastilah ibu bagaimana untuk mengeja arnab.
Ibu : tidak mengapa. Mari mengeja arnab bersama ibu. A.R.N.A.B.arnab
Aiman : A.R.N.A.B. arnab. Ibu, lihat itu. Aiman tahu apakah haiwan itu.Itu adalah burung. Betulkah ibu?
Ibu : betul, pandai anak ibu. Bagaimana untuk mengeja burung?
Aiman : Aiman cuba ye ibu. B.U.R.U.N.G. burung!
Ibu : betul! Wah, anak ibu sudah semakin pandai mengeja. Mari ibu belanja Aiman katak.
Aiman : wah! Itu makanan kegemaran Aiman. Terima kasih ibu!
Ibu : sama-sama. Mari kita balik!Aiman : mari!
e)Proses dan peralatan :
1.pemilihan cerita
Contoh cerita berkenaan haiwan, kehidupan, keadaan semasa
Terdapat dua pilihan dalam memilih cerita ;
a) Memilih cerita terlebih dahulu sebelum membuat skrip kemudian membina boneka berdasarkan watak dalam cerita.
b) Menggunakan sebarang boneka yang akan dijadikan dalam cerita
Skrip - Tidak perlu menggunakan ayat yang panjang dan harus sesuai dengan kanak-kanak.
Skrip hanya dijadikan garis panduan dan boleh diubahsuai ketika penyampaian cerita.
Pencerita - Menggunakan teknik menggerak lakonkan bonek
Dialog ditutur selaras dengan gerak laku
Menggunakan pelbagai variasi suara
Boleh mendapatkan khidmat pembantu dalam menggerak lakonkan boneka
Membina boneka mudah
Boleh diperbuat daripada pelbagai jenis bahan
Benda-benda yang ada disekeliling kita boleh dijadikan boneka seperti stoking,sisa kain, tuala mandi dan kertas kotak.Bahan yang digunakan
Stokin
Sarung tangan
Kertas warna
Benang dan jarum
Kad manila
Kotak
Tisu
Getah
Reben
Gam
Cara membuat boneka ular:
1. Ratakan bahagian jahitan di hujung stoking dan ukur 6 cm. Tandakan dan gunting.
2. Bukakan bahagian yang digunting untuk mulut ular
.3. Lipatkan kadbod nipis, bahagian atas diukur 1 cm lebih
4. Gunting kadbod 19 ½ cm x 6 sm
5. Bulatkan bucunya. Letakkan atas sepan dan lipat. Jahit.
6. Gunting bulat bucu dan jahit kedua-dua hujungnya.
7. Lipat dua kadbod yang telah dibalut sepan,
8. Bahagian atas 1 cm lebih dari bahagian bawah.
9. Masukkan ke dalam stoking.
10. Bahagian atas di bahagian tumit / tapak kaki stoking.
11. Masukkan kapas / fiber di bahagian atas kepala iaitu dari hujung stoking (mulut) hingga ke bahagian lipatan kadbod sahaja.
12. Ukur kain flannelette merah 20 cm x 7 sm. Gunting dan tampal pada strawboard 19 ½ cm x 6sm yang telah dibulatkan bahagian hujungnya
13. Gunting serong tepi dan gamkan ke dalam bahagian yang digunting
14. Cantumkan kadbod merah dengan kadbod mulut yang telah digamkan di stoking gamkan.
15. Gamkan mata di bahagian atas kepala ular.16. Hiaskan badan ular menggunakan reben yang telah digunting bulat-bulat.
Pentas:
b)Kelebihan teknik boneka
- Pendedahan komunikasi
- Melahirkan idea kreatif dalam penciptaan cerita
- Merangsang daya imaginasi
- Memberi murid pengalaman belajar bekerjasama secara berkumpulan.C)Jenis boneka
- Boneka sarung tangan
- Boneka tongkat
- Boneka jari
- Wayang kulit
- Boneka mobai
C)Jenis boneka
- Boneka sarung tangan
- Boneka tongkat
- Boneka jari
- Wayang kulit
- Boneka mobail
d)Penggunaan Seni Boneka dalam kurikulum
contoh aktiviti boneka
Judul : Ibu dan Aiman Nilai : Jauh perjalanan luas pengalaman
Objektif : kanak-kanak akan dapat
Murid dapat belajar mengeja perkataan
Menerapkan nilai-nilai murni dalam ji kanak-kanak
Mendidik murid menuntut ilmu walau dimana mereka berada.Peralatan : boneka ular, replika kucing, gambar arnab, pokok, bunga, burungTeks : ibu dan Aiman
BABAK 1
Ibu telah membawa anaknya Aiman untuk bersiar-siar ke taman. Sepenjang perjalanan untuk ketaman tersebut terdapat pelbagai haiwan dan tumbuhan yang mereka temui
Ibu : Aiman,mari kita pergi bersiar-siar ke taman.
Aiman : boleh juga, mari ibu!
BABAK 2
Semasa mereka sedang dalam perjalanan ke taman.
Aiman : ibu, apakah itu? Atasnya berwarna hijau dan badanya berwarna coklat?
Ibu : oohh, itu adalah pokok.
Aiman tahu tak untuk eja pokok?
Aiman : maaf ibu, saya tidak tahu. Bagaimana untuk mengeja pokok?
Ibu : Mari kita eja sama-sama. P.O.K.O.K. pokok!
Aiman : P.O.K.O.K. pokok! Ibu apa pula itu? Bulunya lembut, comel lah!Aiman suka!
Ibu : itu adalah kucing. mari kata sama-sama mengeja kucing.K.U.C.I.N.G. kucing!
Aiman : K.U.C.I.N.G kucing!Kucing : meaw, meaw!!
Ibu : Aiman, cuba kamu buat bunyi kucing.
Aiman : kawan-kawan mari ikut Aiman bunyikan bunyi kucing dengankuat. MEAW, MEAW!
Ibu : Aiman, cuba kamu lihat di sebelah pokok tadi itu. Kamu tahu tak apa haiwan itu?
Aiman : errmmm... tak pasti lah ibu. Apakah haiwan itu?
Ibu : itu adalah arnab. Boleh kamu tolong ejakan arnab untuk ibu?
Aiman : A.R...A.R...hmmm... Aiman tidak pastilah ibu bagaimana untuk mengeja arnab.
Ibu : tidak mengapa. Mari mengeja arnab bersama ibu. A.R.N.A.B.arnab
Aiman : A.R.N.A.B. arnab. Ibu, lihat itu. Aiman tahu apakah haiwan itu.Itu adalah burung. Betulkah ibu?
Ibu : betul, pandai anak ibu. Bagaimana untuk mengeja burung?
Aiman : Aiman cuba ye ibu. B.U.R.U.N.G. burung!
Ibu : betul! Wah, anak ibu sudah semakin pandai mengeja. Mari ibu belanja Aiman katak.
Aiman : wah! Itu makanan kegemaran Aiman. Terima kasih ibu!
Ibu : sama-sama. Mari kita balik!Aiman : mari!
e)Proses dan peralatan :
1.pemilihan cerita
Contoh cerita berkenaan haiwan, kehidupan, keadaan semasa
Terdapat dua pilihan dalam memilih cerita ;
a) Memilih cerita terlebih dahulu sebelum membuat skrip kemudian membina boneka berdasarkan watak dalam cerita.
b) Menggunakan sebarang boneka yang akan dijadikan dalam cerita
Skrip - Tidak perlu menggunakan ayat yang panjang dan harus sesuai dengan kanak-kanak.
Skrip hanya dijadikan garis panduan dan boleh diubahsuai ketika penyampaian cerita.
Pencerita - Menggunakan teknik menggerak lakonkan bonek
Dialog ditutur selaras dengan gerak laku
Menggunakan pelbagai variasi suara
Boleh mendapatkan khidmat pembantu dalam menggerak lakonkan boneka
Membina boneka mudah
Boleh diperbuat daripada pelbagai jenis bahan
Benda-benda yang ada disekeliling kita boleh dijadikan boneka seperti stoking,sisa kain, tuala mandi dan kertas kotak.Bahan yang digunakan
Stokin
Sarung tangan
Kertas warna
Benang dan jarum
Kad manila
Kotak
Tisu
Getah
Reben
Gam
Cara membuat boneka ular:
1. Ratakan bahagian jahitan di hujung stoking dan ukur 6 cm. Tandakan dan gunting.
2. Bukakan bahagian yang digunting untuk mulut ular
.3. Lipatkan kadbod nipis, bahagian atas diukur 1 cm lebih
4. Gunting kadbod 19 ½ cm x 6 sm
5. Bulatkan bucunya. Letakkan atas sepan dan lipat. Jahit.
6. Gunting bulat bucu dan jahit kedua-dua hujungnya.
7. Lipat dua kadbod yang telah dibalut sepan,
8. Bahagian atas 1 cm lebih dari bahagian bawah.
9. Masukkan ke dalam stoking.
10. Bahagian atas di bahagian tumit / tapak kaki stoking.
11. Masukkan kapas / fiber di bahagian atas kepala iaitu dari hujung stoking (mulut) hingga ke bahagian lipatan kadbod sahaja.
12. Ukur kain flannelette merah 20 cm x 7 sm. Gunting dan tampal pada strawboard 19 ½ cm x 6sm yang telah dibulatkan bahagian hujungnya
13. Gunting serong tepi dan gamkan ke dalam bahagian yang digunting
14. Cantumkan kadbod merah dengan kadbod mulut yang telah digamkan di stoking gamkan.
15. Gamkan mata di bahagian atas kepala ular.16. Hiaskan badan ular menggunakan reben yang telah digunting bulat-bulat.
Pentas:
1.Menggunakan kotak. Kemudian memotong kotak dengan menggunakan kotak pada bahagian hadapan dan belakang kotak.
2.Membuat hiasan pada kotak bertemakan hutan
.Cara menggunakan;
1.Menyediakan pentas yang dibuat.
2.Menggunakan tangan untuk menggerakkan boneka stokin dan sarung tangan yang dibentuk merupai arnab dan kuda.
3.Memulakan cerita.
Kelebihan boneka yang dibuat;
1.Mempunyai unsur-unsur tauladan dan sesuai dengan kanak-kanak.
2.Dapat menerapkan nilai murni dalam diri kanak-kanak yang ditonjolkan dalam cerita.
3.Menarik perhatian kanak-kanak dengan boneka binatang dan warna-warna yang dihasilkan.
4.Mudah digunakan oleh kanak-kanak.
5.Boneka yang dihasilkan tahan lama.
Jangkaan kelemahan;
1.Boneka yang menarik menyebabkan kanak-kanak teruja untuk mengggunakan dan dikhuatiriakan dirosakkan.
Anak Anugerah Allah Kepada Kita
"Semua anak dilahirkan pintar, tetapi yang memberi impak ialah cara kita merangsang mereka. Ibu bapa mesti mempunyai misi yang jelas iaitu menanam tekad membentuk masa depan anak". Siapa yang tak mahu anak mereka berjaya? Lebih-lebih lagi cemerlang dunia dan akhirat...... ..........
Kumpulan anak-anak cemerlang yang berkelayakan ke peringkat yang lebih tinggi tetapi gagal melanjutkan pengajian ekoran bilangan tempat yang sangat terhad menjadi isu utama. Kenapa?
Anak kita tidak ada pilihan lain selain dari menjadi seorang anak pintar dan 'outstanding' bagi mendapat peluang yang baik dalam persaingan-persaingan yang bakal ditempuhi mereka.
Adakah kita masih leka dengan perkara ini? Atau dapat kita rasakan bahawa suatu hari nanti anak kita boleh tempuhi semua ini tanpa perlukan sebarang campurtangan daripada kita sebagai ibu bapa?
Bagi saya, ibu bapalah yang memainkan peranan yang paling penting dalam pendidikan anak-anak dengan bantuan guru-guru di sekolah.
Itulah bertuahnya kita apabila diberi peluang untuk melihat perkembangan anak-anak dari 2 sudut berbeza iaitu ibu bapa dan guru. Keikhlasan kita dalam mendidik murid-murid di sekolah secara tidak langsung turut memberi harapan kepada kita supaya anak kita juga dapat dididik dengan penuh keikhlasan. Harapan , dorongan, doa dan tawakal perlu seiring bagi membantu anak-anak lebih bersemangat dalam mengharungi dunia yang semakin mencabar.
Oleh itu, kita sebagai ibu bapa dan guru perlu bijak memainkan peranan dalam menghasilkan produk yang cemerlang.
Pendekatan! erm...masing-masing ada cara tersendiri dalam mendidik anak-anak. Ada anak , berkesan dengan cara pujukan. Ada juga , lebih berkesan dengan cara paksaan. Kenapa zaman kita dulu dididik dengan rotan? tali pinggang? semata-mata untuk hadir ke sekolah. Menjadik juga akhirnya........
Kesimpulannya, setiap tindakan kita dalam mendidik anak atau murid ada batasannya. Ada pro and contranya. Yang penting, kita sebagai ibu bapa /guru harus pandai memainkan peranan seperti teknik boneka...... Pementasan yang baik mempunyai jalan cerita yang menaik dan kebijaksanaan sipencerita dalam mengadun jalan cerita watak yang hendak diketengahkan mampu meninggalkan kesan di hati penontonnya.
Thursday, April 5, 2012
Sudut (Angles)
Apabila dua garisan bertemu
pada satu titik, ianya membentuk sudut. Ukuran sudut bergantung kepada besar
atau kecilnya kawasan yang dilengkongi oleh dua garisan tersebut dan diukur
dalam "darjah".
Titik (Point)
Titik menggambarkan kedudukan pada atau dalam lukisan. Ia tidak mempunyai ukuran panjang, tinggi dan lebar. Titik ditunjukkan dalam lukisan dengan persilangan antara dua garisan. Jangan sekali-kali menunjukkan titik dengan menggunakan satu titik sahaja.
Apa itu Geometry
Pembinaan Geometri terbahagi kepada dua kategori yang besar iaitu satah geometri atau Geometri Lamina (Plain Geometry) dan juga geometri bongkah atau padu (Solid Geometry). Banyak daripada binaan-binaan yang digunakan dalam lukisan mekanikal adalah berasaskan pada geometri satah. Dibawah tajuk ini kita akan mempelajari dengan mendalam berkenaan geometri satah dan diikuti dengan mengenal geometri bongkah.
Setiap pelukis dan para jurutera mestilah faham dan tahu cara menggunakan setiap binaan bersesuaian dengan masalah yan perlu diselesaikan dalam lukisan. Pembinaan Geometri memerlukan alat-alatan seperti kompas dan sesiku set. Boleh juga dibantu oleh alatan lain seperti sesiku tee serta pembahagi.
Dibawah tajuk ini ketepatan adalah perkara yang paling mustahak. Untuk mendapatkannya gunakan mata pensil yang sederhana keras. Pastikan mata pensil tersebut mestilah tajam. Lukiskan garisan binaan sehalus mungkin. Kemudian terangkan garisan-garisan yang diperlukan untuk membezakan garisan binaan dan garisan kerja (objek) tajuk-tajuk yang akan dipelajari dibawah satah geometri ialah
1. Titik (Point)
2. Garisan (Line)
3. Sudut (Angles)
4. Segitiga (Triangles)
5. Bulatan (Circles)
6. Segiempat (Quadrilateral)
7. Poligon (Polygon)
Latihan Kordinasi Mata dan Tangan
Aktiviti mengelas benda mengikut
golongan atau kumpulan merupakan latihan bagi kordinasi mata dan tangan.
Aktiviti –aktiviti lain yang boleh dilaksanakan seperti menyusun , mencantum
dan mewarna gambar yang diselaras mengikut urutan. Aktiviti lain dalam aktiviti
kordinasi mata dan tangan ialah mencantum titik atau sempang untuk membentuk
huruf, memadankan gambar bagi benda-benda yang serupa, mencari sejumlah benda
yang tersembunyi dalam sebuah lukisan dan juga aktiviti membuat garisan lurus
dari atas ke bawah dan sebaliknya. Latihan mewarna dari kiri ke kanan dan
sebaliknya juga dapat melatih murid bagi kordinasi mata dan tangan.
Setelah murid-murid menjalankan
latihan pramenulis, faham dan tahu memegang pensel serta boleh duduk dengan
cara betul, mereka boleh dilatih membentuk lambang-lambang tulisan. Bermula di
kertas kosong tanpa garisan, diikuti latihan membentuk huruf pada garisan, di
mana peringkat ini ialah peringkat menulis mekanis.
Berikut ini adalah beberapa contoh
kegiatan pra tulisan
1. Mari Menabung
Alat
yang diperlukan:
o Kotak kasut yang salah satu sisinya
mempunyai lubang, pstikan lubang berada tidak sejajar/searah satu dengan
lainnya, hal ini agar permainan lebih bervariasi dan bertentangan.
o Duit syiling/butang baju (lebih baik
jika dengan pelbagai ukuran)
§ Permainan melatih pola pegang alat
tulis (3 jari), koordinasi mata tangan, serta melatih kecekapan dan kelembutan
jari tangan serta pergelangan tangan (bila anak mencuba memasukkan duit syiling
/butang baju dengan pelbagai posisi
lubang.
2. Membantu menjemur
Alat
yang diperlukan:
o Penyepit kain
o Gambar kanak-kanak/ saputangan/stokin
o Tali diikat diantara dua kerusi)
§ Permainan melatih pola pegang alat
tulis (3 jari), melatih kekuatan jari-jari dan koordinasi dua tangan serta
koordinasi mata-tangan.
3. Memasukkan kacang hijau ke dalam penyedut air
plastik
Alat
yang diperlukan:
o Penyedut air plastik dan kacang hijau
§ Permainan melatih pola pegang alat
tulis, koordinasi dua tangan, koordinasi mata-tangan, melatih kecekapan dan
kelembutan jari tangan serta melatih konsentrasi dan kesabaran.
4. Menguli dan membuat rekaan menggunakan
doh
Alat
yang diperlukan:
Tepung gandum,garam,pewarna dan
sedikit minyak
Permainan melatih koordinasi
mata-tangan, melatih mengawal
kekuatan dan gerakan jari
tangan si kecil.
5. Melakar
bentuk (objek/ huruf/ nombor) menggunakan jari telunjuk di atas
permukaan berlainan seperti
di udara dan di pasir.
Alat yang diperlukan:
Pasir,besen atau bekas yang besar.
Permainan melatih
koordinasi mata-tangan, melatih mengawal
kekuatan dan gerakan jari tangan si kecil.
6. Menyambung Titik
Alat
yang diperlukan :
Pensil,pensil
warna, kertas putih.
Permainan melatih koordinasi
mata-tangan, melatih
mengawal
kekuatan
dan gerakan jari tangan si kecil.
Aktiviti di atas merupakan contoh yang
boleh dikembangkann menjadi kegiatan pra menulis yang bertujuan untuk
menyediakan murid untuk menulis dengan baik dan berminat.
Nota: Ini adalah hasil analisis yang boleh dikongsi
bersama. Rujukan ddiambil daripada pelbagai sumber.
Amatlah diharapkan usaha ini mendapat keberkatan.
Latihan Pergerakan Mata
Latihan bagi mata seperti menutup
kedua-dua mata murid dengan tangan, membuka mata dan menyebut benda-benda yang
ditunjuk atau dipegang oleh guru. Aktiviti seperti menutup sebelah mata,
melihat dan menyebut benda yang ditunjuk oleh guru dan dibawa dari kiri ke
kanan dan sebaliknya. Aktiviti lain seperti menyebut benda-benda pelbagai saiz
yang dipegang oleh guru. Seterusnya guru boleh menyuruh murid menyebut warna
benda atau menyebut bentuk asas objek.
Latihan-latihan Pergerakan Tangan
Dalam latihan pergerakan tangan,aktiviti
seperti menggenggam dan membuka tangan beberapa kali secara berulang-ulang,
menggenggam dan menghancurkan atau meronyok sehelai daun atau kertas,
mengenggam dan merasa beg yang berisi kekacang dan memegang benda-benda seperti
pensel dengan cara guru menunjukkan cara memegang benda-benda dengan cara yang
betul. Latihan-latihan gerak jari dengan
mempermain-mainkan jari, menekan-nekan jari, menggoyangkan tangan,
meramas-ramas jari dan sebagainya., Aktiviti seperti memasang butang baju dan
sebagainya serta latihan membuka dan mengikat semula tali kasut juga merupakan
latihan pergerakan tangan . Latihan menggerakkan jari ini supaya murid-murid
bersedia untuk menggunakan jari bagi memegang pensel disamping sebagai latihan
penggunaan otot-otot tapak tangan dengan aktiviti membuat bentuk daripada
plastisin, tanah liat atau tepung yang dibancuh dengan air.
Latihan
Pergerakan Tangan Yang Bebas Untuk Menulis Dengan Sempurna
Aktiviti gerakan tangan secara bebas
yang dilakukan oleh murid ini bertujuan supaya murid dapat menulis dengan selesa
dan sempurna. Selain itu latihan membentuk garisan lurus, latihan membentuk
corak-corak campuran bulatan dan garis lurus boleh dilakukan secara bebas. Latihan
melukis gambar-gambar mengandungi garisan lurus dan bulat juga termasuk dalam
aspek gerakan tangan secara bebas supaya akhirnya murid dapat menulis dengan
lebih sempurna. Aktiviti bagi tangan juga boleh dilakukan melalui aktiviti
melukis bentuk bebas menggunakan jari di udara, di meja, di lantai, di rumput
tanpa menggunakan alat tulis seperti membentuk bulatan, menulis bentuk-bentuk
di atas pasir atau tanah. Aktiviti merasa huruf sebenar dalam bentuk 3D, Huruf
kertas pasir. Membuat rantai secara bebas turut membantu murid membentuk huruf
akhirnya.
Kaedah Fonik
Menekankan
penguasaan murid terhadap hubungan antara huruf dengan bunyi, tanpa mengingat
nama huruf. Bermula huruf vokal, diikuti konsonan dan seterusnya pembentukan
sukukata serta perkataan bermakna. Aktiviti yang boleh dilakukan seperti membunyikan huruf dengan asosiasi benda (Bahan Bantu Belajar).
Aktiviti membantangkan sukukata dan perkataan ialah menyuruh murid
menyebut atau membunyikan perkataan
tanpa membatang suku kata menggunakan BBB. Aktiviti seterusnya ialah membaca
frasa dan ayat, di mana dengan menggunakan BBB murid dikehendaki membaca frasa,
diikuti aktiviti membaca ayat yang lengkap.
Kaedah Pandang dan Sebut
Aktiviti
utama kaedah ini ialah memandang dan menyebut.
Kaedah ini memerlukan murid melakukan aktiviti menyebut perkataan,
mencerakin perkataan supaya menjadi suku kata. Ia juga dinamakan kaedah seluruh
perkataan kerana pelajarannya bermula dengan memperkenalkan perkataan terlebih
dahulu, barulah huruf atau suku kata. Seterusnya murid dikehendaki membina dan
membaca ayat. Dalam melaksanakan kaedah ini, guru perlu juga menggunakan bahan
bantu belajar seperti kad imbasan, di mana murid menyebut perkataan-perkataan
secara berulang-ulang. Murid sepatutnya memandang gambar objek yang ditunjuk
dan seterusnya menyebut perkataannya pula. Ini bermakna dalam kaedah ini,
langkah pertama menyebut perkataan, diikuti mencerakin perkataan supaya menjadi
suku kata. Langkah seterusnya ialah latihan membina dan membaca ayat.
Penggunaan bahan Bantu belajar perlu disediakan oleh guru untuk melaksanakan
kaedah ini.
Kaedah Suku Kata
Dalam melaksanakan aktiviti seperti menyebut nama
huruf abjad A hingga Z, huruf besar dan kecil, menyebut sukukata V (vocal) dan
KV (konsonan vocal), mengeja suku kata, perkataan dan frasa serta latihan
membaca ayat penggunaan bahan Bantu belajar yang sesuai diperlukan bagi
membantu pelaksanaan pengajaran dan pembelajaran yang berkesan.
Word classes
Words are fundamental units in every sentence, so we will begin by looking at these. Consider the words in the following sentence:
We can tell almost instinctively that brother and car are the same type of word, and also that brother and drives are different types of words. By this we mean thatbrother and car belong to the same word class. Similarly, when we recognise thatbrother and drives are different types, we mean that they belong to different word classes. We recognise seven MAJOR word classes:
You may find that other grammars recognise different word classes from the ones listed here. They may also define the boundaries between the classes in different ways. In some grammars, for instance, pronouns are treated as a separate word class, whereas we treat them as a subclass of nouns. A difference like this should not cause confusion. Instead, it highlights an important principle in grammar, known as GRADIENCE. This refers to the fact that the boundaries between the word classes are not absolutely fixed. Many word classes share characteristics with others, and there is considerable overlap between some of the classes. In other words, the boundaries are "fuzzy", so different grammars draw them in different places.
We will discuss each of the major word classes in turn. Then we will look briefly at some MINOR word classes. But first, let us consider how we distinguish between word classes in general.
Criteria for Word Classes
We began by grouping words more or less on the basis of our instincts about English. We somehow "feel" that brother and carbelong to the same class, and thatbrother and drives belong to different classes. However, in order to conduct an informed study of grammar, we need a much more reliable and more systematic method than this for distinguishing between word classes.
We use a combination of three criteria for determining the word class of a word:
1. The meaning of the word
my brother drives a big car
We can tell almost instinctively that brother and car are the same type of word, and also that brother and drives are different types of words. By this we mean thatbrother and car belong to the same word class. Similarly, when we recognise thatbrother and drives are different types, we mean that they belong to different word classes. We recognise seven MAJOR word classes:
Verb be, drive, grow, sing, think
Noun brother, car, David, house, London
Determiner a, an, my, some, the
Adjective big, foolish, happy, talented, tidy
Adverb happily, recently, soon, then, there
Preposition at, in, of, over, with
Conjunction and, because, but, if, or
You may find that other grammars recognise different word classes from the ones listed here. They may also define the boundaries between the classes in different ways. In some grammars, for instance, pronouns are treated as a separate word class, whereas we treat them as a subclass of nouns. A difference like this should not cause confusion. Instead, it highlights an important principle in grammar, known as GRADIENCE. This refers to the fact that the boundaries between the word classes are not absolutely fixed. Many word classes share characteristics with others, and there is considerable overlap between some of the classes. In other words, the boundaries are "fuzzy", so different grammars draw them in different places.
We will discuss each of the major word classes in turn. Then we will look briefly at some MINOR word classes. But first, let us consider how we distinguish between word classes in general.
Criteria for Word Classes
We began by grouping words more or less on the basis of our instincts about English. We somehow "feel" that brother and carbelong to the same class, and thatbrother and drives belong to different classes. However, in order to conduct an informed study of grammar, we need a much more reliable and more systematic method than this for distinguishing between word classes.
We use a combination of three criteria for determining the word class of a word:
1. The meaning of the word
2. The form or `shape' of the word
3. The position or `environment' of the word in a sentence
1. Meaning
1. Meaning
Using this criterion, we generalize about the kind of meanings that words convey. For example, we could group together the wordsbrother and car, as well as David,house, and London, on the basis that they all refer to people, places, or things. In fact, this has traditionally been a popular approach to determining members of the class of nouns. It has also been applied to verbs, by saying that they denote some kind of "action", like cook, drive, eat, run, shout,walk.
This approach has certain merits, since it allows us to determine word classes by replacing words in a sentence with words of "similar" meaning. For instance, in the sentence My son cooks dinner every Sunday, we can replace the verb cooks with other "action" words:
My son cooks dinner every Sunday
My son prepares dinner every Sunday
My son eats dinner every Sunday
My son misses dinner every Sunday
On the basis of this replacement test, we can conclude that all of these words belong to the same class, that of "action" words, or verbs.
However, this approach also has some serious limitations. The definition of a noun as a word denoting a person, place, or thing, is wholly inadequate, since it excludes abstract nouns such as time,imagination, repetition, wisdom, and chance. Similarly, to say that verbs are "action" words excludes a verb like be, as in I want to be happy. What "action" does be refer to here? So although this criterion has a certain validity when applied to some words, we need other, more stringent criteria as well.
2. The form or `shape' of a word
Some words can be assigned to a word class on the basis of their form or `shape'. For example, many nouns have a characteristic -tion ending:
Many words also take what are called INFLECTIONS, that is, regular changes in their form under certain conditions. For example, nouns can take a plural inflection, usually by adding an -s at the end:
3. The position or `environment' of a word in a sentence
This criterion refers to where words typically occur in a sentence, and the kinds of words which typically occur near to them. We can illustrate the use of this criterion using a simple example. Compare the following:
And we can see that cook is a noun in [2] because it takes the plural -s inflection
The cooks are on holiday
If we really need to, we can also apply a replacement test, based on our first criterion, replacing cook in each sentence with "similar" words:
Click here to see how words in sentences can be replaced by similar words
Notice that we can replace verbs with verbs, and nouns with nouns, but we cannot replace verbs with nouns or nouns with verbs:
Open and Closed Word Classes
Some word classes are OPEN, that is, new words can be added to the class as the need arises. The class of nouns, for instance, is potentially infinite, since it is continually being expanded as new scientific discoveries are made, new products are developed, and new ideas are explored. In the late twentieth century, for example, developments in computer technology have given rise to many new nouns:
New verbs have also been introduced:
The adjective and adverb classes can also be expanded by the addition of new words, though less prolifically.
On the other hand, we never invent new prepositions, determiners, or conjunctions. These classes include words like of, the, and but. They are called CLOSED word classes because they are made up of finite sets of words which are never expanded (though their members may change their spelling, for example, over long periods of time). The subclass of pronouns, within the open noun class, is also closed.
Words in an open class are known as open-class items. Words in a closed class are known as closed-class items.
In the pages which follow, we will look in detail at each of the seven major word classes.
Some words can be assigned to a word class on the basis of their form or `shape'. For example, many nouns have a characteristic -tion ending:
action, condition, contemplation, demonstration, organization,repetition
Similarly, many adjectives end in -able or -ible:
acceptable, credible, miserable, responsible, suitable, terrible
Many words also take what are called INFLECTIONS, that is, regular changes in their form under certain conditions. For example, nouns can take a plural inflection, usually by adding an -s at the end:
car -- cars dinner -- dinners book -- books
Verbs also take inflections:
walk -- walks -- walked -- walking
3. The position or `environment' of a word in a sentence
This criterion refers to where words typically occur in a sentence, and the kinds of words which typically occur near to them. We can illustrate the use of this criterion using a simple example. Compare the following:
[1] I cook dinner every Sunday
[2] The cook is on holiday
In [1], cook is a verb, but in [2], it is a noun. We can see that it is a verb in [1] because it takes the inflections which are typical of verbs:
I cook dinner every Sunday
I cooked dinner last Sunday
I am cooking dinner today
My son cooks dinner every Sunday
And we can see that cook is a noun in [2] because it takes the plural -s inflection
The cooks are on holiday
If we really need to, we can also apply a replacement test, based on our first criterion, replacing cook in each sentence with "similar" words:
Click here to see how words in sentences can be replaced by similar words
Notice that we can replace verbs with verbs, and nouns with nouns, but we cannot replace verbs with nouns or nouns with verbs:
*I chef dinner every Sunday
*The eat is on holiday
It should be clear from this discussion that there is no one-to-one relation between words and their classes. Cook can be a verb or a noun -- it all depends on how the word is used. In fact, many words can belong to more than one word class. Here are some more examples:
She looks very pale (verb)
She's very proud of her looks (noun)
He drives a fast car (adjective)
He drives very fast on the motorway (adverb)
Turn on the light (noun)
I'm trying to light the fire (verb)
I usually have a light lunch (adjective)
You will see here that each italicised word can belong to more than one word class. However, they only belong to one word class at a time, depending on how they are used. So it is quite wrong to say, for example, "cook is a verb". Instead, we have to say something like "cook is a verb in the sentence I cook dinner every Sunday, but it is a noun in The cook is on holiday".
Of the three criteria for word classes that we have discussed here, the Internet Grammar will emphasise the second and third - the form of words, and how they are positioned or how they function in sentences.
Open and Closed Word Classes
Some word classes are OPEN, that is, new words can be added to the class as the need arises. The class of nouns, for instance, is potentially infinite, since it is continually being expanded as new scientific discoveries are made, new products are developed, and new ideas are explored. In the late twentieth century, for example, developments in computer technology have given rise to many new nouns:
Internet, website, URL, CD-ROM, email, newsgroup, bitmap, modem,multimedia
New verbs have also been introduced:
download, upload, reboot, right-click, double-click
On the other hand, we never invent new prepositions, determiners, or conjunctions. These classes include words like of, the, and but. They are called CLOSED word classes because they are made up of finite sets of words which are never expanded (though their members may change their spelling, for example, over long periods of time). The subclass of pronouns, within the open noun class, is also closed.
Words in an open class are known as open-class items. Words in a closed class are known as closed-class items.
In the pages which follow, we will look in detail at each of the seven major word classes.
TYPE OF SENTENSE
TYPE OF SENTENSE
Experienced writers use a variety of sentences to make their writing interesting and lively. Too many simple sentences, for example, will sound choppy and immature while too many long sentences will be difficult to read and hard to understand.
This page contains definitions of simple, compound, and complex sentences with many simple examples. The purpose of these examples is to help the ESL/EFL learner to identify sentence basics including identification of sentences in the short quizzes that follow. After that, it will be possible to analyze more complex sentences varieties.
SIMPLE SENTENCE
A simple sentence, also called an independent clause, contains a subject and a verb, and it expresses a complete thought. In the following simple sentences, subjects are in yellow, and verbs are in green.
A. Some students like to study in the mornings.
B. Juan and Arturo play football every afternoon.
C. Alicia goes to the library and studies every day.
The three examples above are all simple sentences. Note that sentence B contains a compound subject, and sentence C contains a compound verb. Simple sentences, therefore, contain a subject and verb and express a complete thought, but they can also contain a compound subjects or verbs.
COMPOUND SENTENCE
A compound sentence contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinator. The coordinators are as follows: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. (Helpful hint: The first letter of each of the coordinators spellsFANBOYS.) Except for very short sentences, coordinators are always preceded by a comma. In the following compound sentences, subjects are in yellow, verbs are in green, and the coordinators and the commas that precede them are in red.
A. I tried to speak Spanish, and my friend tried to speak English.
B. Alejandro played football, so Maria went shopping.
C. Alejandro played football, for Maria went shopping.
The above three sentences are compound sentences. Each sentence contains two independent clauses, and they are joined by a coordinator with a comma preceding it. Note how the conscious use of coordinators can change the relationship between the clauses. Sentences B and C, for example, are identical except for the coordinators. In sentence B, which action occurred first? Obviously, "Alejandro played football" first, and as a consequence, "Maria went shopping. In sentence C, "Maria went shopping" first. In sentence C, "Alejandro played football" because, possibly, he didn't have anything else to do, for orbecause "Maria went shopping." How can the use of other coordinators change the relationship between the two clauses? What implications would the use of "yet" or "but" have on the meaning of the sentence?
COMPLEX SENTENCE
A complex sentence has an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses. A complex sentence always has a subordinator such asbecause, since, after, although, or when or a relative pronoun such as that, who, or which. In the following complex sentences, subjects are in yellow, verbs are in green, and the subordinators and their commas (when required) are in red.
A. When he handed in his homework, he forgot to give the teacher the last page.
B. The teacher returned the homework after she noticed the error.
C. The students are studying because they have a test tomorrow.
D. After they finished studying, Juan and Maria went to the movies.
E. Juan and Maria went to the movies after they finished studying.
a complex sentence begins with a subordinator such as sentences A and D, a comma is required at the end of the dependent clause. When the independent clause begins the sentence with subordinators in the middle as in sentences B, C, and E, no comma is required. If a comma is placed before the subordinators in sentences B, C, and E, it is wrong.
Note that sentences D and E are the same except sentence D begins with the dependent clause which is followed by a comma, and sentence E begins with the independent clause which contains no comma. The comma after the dependent clause in sentence D is required, and experienced listeners of English will often hear a slight pause there. In sentence E, however, there will be no pause when the independent clause begins the sentence.
COMPLEX SENTENCES / ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
Finally, sentences containing adjective clauses (or dependent clauses) are also complex because they contain an independent clause and a dependent clause. The subjects, verbs, and subordinators are marked the same as in the previous sentences, and in these sentences, the independent clauses are also underlined.
A. The woman who(m) my mom talked to sells cosmetics.
B. The book that Jonathan read is on the shelf.
C. The house which AbrahAM Lincoln was born in is still standing.
D. The town where I grew up is in the United States.
Adjective Clauses are studied in this site separately, but for now it is important to know that sentences containing adjective clauses are complex.
CONCLUSION
Are sure you now know the differences between simple, compound, and complex sentences? Click QUICK QUIZ to find out. This quiz is just six sentences. The key is to look for the subjects and verbs first.
Another quiz, this one about Helen Keller contains ten sentences.
These quiz sentences based on the short story, The Americanization of Shadrach Cohen, by Bruno Lessing.
Quick Quiz: Shadrach
After each quiz, click GRADE QUIZ to see your score immediately.
Remember that with the skill to write good simple, compound, and complex sentences, you will have the flexibility to (1) convey your ideas precisely and (2) entertain with sentence variety at the same time! Good luck with these exercises!
Sentence Types
Summary: This resource presents methods for adding sentence variety and complexity to writing that may sound repetitive or boring. Sections are divided into general tips for varying structure, a discussion of sentence types, and specific parts of speech which can aid in sentence variety.
Contributors:Ryan Weber, Allen Brizee
Last Edited: 2010-01-23 11:08:52
Structurally, English sentences can be classified four different ways, though there are endless constructions of each. The classifications are based on the number of independent and dependent clauses a sentence contains. An independent clause forms a complete sentence on its own, while a dependent clause needs another clause to make a complete sentence. By learning these types, writers can add complexity and variation to their sentences.
Simple sentence: A sentence with one independent clause and no dependent clauses.
My aunt enjoyed taking the hayride with you.
China's Han Dynasty marked an official recognition of Confucianism.
Compound Sentence: A sentence with multiple independent clauses but no dependent clauses.
The clown frightened the little girl, and she ran off screaming.
The Freedom Riders departed on May 4, 1961, and they were determined to travel through many southern states.
Complex Sentence: A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.
After Mary added up all the sales, she discovered that the lemonade stand was 32 cents short
While all of his paintings are fascinating, Hieronymus Bosch's triptychs, full of mayhem and madness, are the real highlight of his art.
Complex-Compound Sentence: A sentence with multiple independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.
Catch-22 is widely regarded as Joseph Heller's best novel, and because Heller served in World War II, which the novel satirizes, the zany but savage wit of the novel packs an extra punch.
Sentence Types
In English we have four types of sentences:
Simple
Compound
Complex
Compound – Complex.
This has nothing to do with sentence length; rather these sentence types are created by the use of transition words (or the lack of transition words).
Simple Sentence
Bob went to the store.
Bob and Sue went to the store.
Bob and Sue went to the store on the corner near the center of town to buy groceries and to get some drinks for the party.
Bob went to the store and went to the postoffice.
These sentences can be long, but when they are very long they tend to be difficult to read.
Compound sentences (two complete sentences joined with a conjunction“and,” “but,” “or,” “so,” “yet,” and “for.” See Comma Rules.
Bob went to the store, and Sue went to the office.
Conjunction
The negotiations were successful, so the diplomats returned to their homes.
Conjunction
We can go to party, or we can go to the dance.
Conjunction
Note: Words using conjuncts – see Transition words – bottom of the page are a kind of compound sentence.
The negotiations ended successfully; therefore, the fighting stopped.
Conjunct
Complex sentences. These sentences use subordinators (see the list of words at the top of the transition word page)
Because the problem proved difficult, they decided to from a committee.
Subordinator sentence sentence
The proposal [ that ] we wrote was accepted.
Subordinator
The issue, which we thought we had solved, came back to haunt us.
Subordinator
Compound –Complex Sentences. These sentences use a conjunction and a subordinator.
The proposal that we wrote was accepted, and we started the project.
Subordinator Conjunction
What is a Noun?
What is a Noun?A noun is a word used to name a person, animal, place, thing, and abstract idea. Nouns are usually the first words which small children learn. Thehighlighted words in the following sentences are all nouns:
Late last year our neighbours bought a goat.
Portia White was an opera singer.
The bus inspector looked at all the passengers' passes.
According to Plutarch, the library at Alexandria was destroyed in 48 B.C.
Philosophy is of little comfort to the starving.A noun can function in a sentence as a subject, a direct object, an indirect object, a subject complement, an object complement, an appositive, anadjective or an adverb.
Noun GenderMany common nouns, like "engineer" or "teacher," can refer to men or women. Once, many English nouns would change form depending on their gender -- for example, a man was called an "author" while a woman was called an "authoress" -- but this use of gender-specific nouns is very rare today. Those that are still used occasionally tend to refer to occupational categories, as in the following sentences.
David Garrick was a very prominent eighteenth-century actor.
Sarah Siddons was at the height of her career as an actress in the 1780s.
The manager was trying to write a want ad, but he couldn't decide whether he was advertising for a "waiter" or a "waitress"
Noun PluralsMost nouns change their form to indicate number by adding "-s" or "-es", as illustrated in the following pairs of sentences:
When Matthew was small he rarely told the truth if he thought he was going to be punished.
Many people do not believe that truths are self-evident.
As they walked through the silent house. they were startled by an unexpected echo.
I like to shout into the quarry and listen to the echoes that returned.
He tripped over a box left carelessly in the hallway.
Since we are moving, we will need many boxes.There are other nouns which form the plural by changing the last letter before adding "s". Some words ending in "f" form the plural by deleting "f" and adding "ves," and words ending in "y" form the plural by deleting the "y" and adding "ies," as in the following pairs of sentences:
The harbour at Marble Mountain has one wharf.
There are several wharves in Halifax Harbour.
Warsaw is their favourite city because it reminds them of their courtship.
The vacation my grandparents won includes trips to twelve Europeancities.
The children circled around the headmaster and shouted, "Are you amouse or a man?"
The audience was shocked when all five men admitted that they were afraid of mice.Other nouns form the plural irregularly. If English is your first language, you probably know most of these already: when in doubt, consult a good dictionary.
Possessive NounsIn the possessive case, a noun or pronoun changes its form to show that it owns or is closely related to something else. Usually, nouns become possessive by adding a combination of an apostrophe and the letter "s."
You can form the possessive case of a singular noun that does not end in "s" by adding an apostrophe and "s," as in the following sentences:
The red suitcase is Cassandra's.
The only luggage that was lost was the prime minister's.
The exhausted recruits were woken before dawn by the drill sergeant's screams.
The miner's face was covered in coal dust.You can form the possessive case of a singular noun that ends in "s" by adding an apostrophe alone or by adding an apostrophe and "s," as in the following examples:
The bus's seats are very uncomfortable.
The bus' seats are very uncomfortable.
The film crew accidentally crushed the platypus's eggs.
The film crew accidentally crushed the platypus' eggs.
Felicia Hemans's poetry was once more popular than Lord Byron's.
Felicia Hemans' poetry was once more popular than Lord Byron's.You can form the possessive case of a plural noun that does not end in "s" by adding an apostrophe and a "s," as in the following examples:
The children's mittens were scattered on the floor of the porch.
The sheep's pen was mucked out every day.
Since we have a complex appeal process, a jury's verdict is not always final.
The men's hockey team will be play as soon as the women's team is finished.
Late last year our neighbours bought a goat.
Portia White was an opera singer.
The bus inspector looked at all the passengers' passes.
According to Plutarch, the library at Alexandria was destroyed in 48 B.C.
Philosophy is of little comfort to the starving.A noun can function in a sentence as a subject, a direct object, an indirect object, a subject complement, an object complement, an appositive, anadjective or an adverb.
Noun GenderMany common nouns, like "engineer" or "teacher," can refer to men or women. Once, many English nouns would change form depending on their gender -- for example, a man was called an "author" while a woman was called an "authoress" -- but this use of gender-specific nouns is very rare today. Those that are still used occasionally tend to refer to occupational categories, as in the following sentences.
David Garrick was a very prominent eighteenth-century actor.
Sarah Siddons was at the height of her career as an actress in the 1780s.
The manager was trying to write a want ad, but he couldn't decide whether he was advertising for a "waiter" or a "waitress"
Noun PluralsMost nouns change their form to indicate number by adding "-s" or "-es", as illustrated in the following pairs of sentences:
When Matthew was small he rarely told the truth if he thought he was going to be punished.
Many people do not believe that truths are self-evident.
As they walked through the silent house. they were startled by an unexpected echo.
I like to shout into the quarry and listen to the echoes that returned.
He tripped over a box left carelessly in the hallway.
Since we are moving, we will need many boxes.There are other nouns which form the plural by changing the last letter before adding "s". Some words ending in "f" form the plural by deleting "f" and adding "ves," and words ending in "y" form the plural by deleting the "y" and adding "ies," as in the following pairs of sentences:
The harbour at Marble Mountain has one wharf.
There are several wharves in Halifax Harbour.
Warsaw is their favourite city because it reminds them of their courtship.
The vacation my grandparents won includes trips to twelve Europeancities.
The children circled around the headmaster and shouted, "Are you amouse or a man?"
The audience was shocked when all five men admitted that they were afraid of mice.Other nouns form the plural irregularly. If English is your first language, you probably know most of these already: when in doubt, consult a good dictionary.
Possessive NounsIn the possessive case, a noun or pronoun changes its form to show that it owns or is closely related to something else. Usually, nouns become possessive by adding a combination of an apostrophe and the letter "s."
You can form the possessive case of a singular noun that does not end in "s" by adding an apostrophe and "s," as in the following sentences:
The red suitcase is Cassandra's.
The only luggage that was lost was the prime minister's.
The exhausted recruits were woken before dawn by the drill sergeant's screams.
The miner's face was covered in coal dust.You can form the possessive case of a singular noun that ends in "s" by adding an apostrophe alone or by adding an apostrophe and "s," as in the following examples:
The bus's seats are very uncomfortable.
The bus' seats are very uncomfortable.
The film crew accidentally crushed the platypus's eggs.
The film crew accidentally crushed the platypus' eggs.
Felicia Hemans's poetry was once more popular than Lord Byron's.
Felicia Hemans' poetry was once more popular than Lord Byron's.You can form the possessive case of a plural noun that does not end in "s" by adding an apostrophe and a "s," as in the following examples:
The children's mittens were scattered on the floor of the porch.
The sheep's pen was mucked out every day.
Since we have a complex appeal process, a jury's verdict is not always final.
The men's hockey team will be play as soon as the women's team is finished.
Pratulisan
Pratulisan
Menurut Golden (1984; 4), kanak-kanak pada umur tiga tahun telah berupaya untuk mengenalpasti perbezaan antara contengan untuk tulisan dan lakaran. Pandangan beliau menjelaskan bahawa kanak-kanak telah terdedah dengan pengalaman tulisan (print) dan bacaan pada awal peringkat perkembangannya. Peranan orang dewasa untuk memupuk minat ke atas tulisan dan bacaan boleh bermula ketika kanak-kanak berumur tiga tahun.
Pratulisan merujuk kepada latihan-latihan yang dilakukan untuk pergerakan tangan. Dengan itu, dapatlah kanak-kanak menguasai gerak tangan yang bebas supaya boleh menulis dengan selesa dan sempurna.Selain itu, kanak-kanak juga dapat melakukan latihan-latihan pergerakan mata serta melakukan latihan-latihan kordinasi tangan.
Objektif utama penguasaan kemahiran menulis mekanis atau tulisan tangan ialah supaya mudah dibaca. Pengajaran guru harus berfokus kepada memegang alat tulis, membentuk garisan dan lengkokan huruf dengan betul serta mengekalkan jarak dan bentuk huruf dengan sempurna.
CARA MELAKSANAKAN PENGAJARAN PRATULISAN
Wiedorholt, Hammil dan Brown (1983) mencadangkan guru-guru sekolah rendah memperuntukkan 10 hingga 15 minit setiap hari untuk mengajar tulisan tangan (mekanis). Bagi masalah menulis bentuk huruf yang tidak betul dan berbentuk huruf senget, guru hendaklah meletakkan kertas lurus sebagai anduan untuk murid menulis.
Contohnya, Huruf c hendaklah ditulis di dlam garisan, lihat contoh berikut
Ada juga murid yang tidak dapat menulis dengan sekata (uniform). Bagi masalah ini, guru hendaklah membimbing pergerakan tangan murid berkenaan. Perhatikan cara dia memegang pensel dan kedudukan tangannya di atas meja ketika dia menulis untuk memastikan pergerakan yang betul. Satu lagi masalah yang sering dihadapi oleh murid-murid dalam tulisan mekanis ialah tulisan yang terlalu sesak atau terlalu jarang. Untuk mengatasi masalah ini cuba latih tubi murid menulis huruf mengikut jark hujung jari atau diukur dengan jarak sebatang pensel.
Selain daripada di atas, guru boleh menggunakan kebijaksanaan dan kreativiti sendiri untuk membantu murid menulis dengan betul dan sempurna. Aktiviti menulis ini juga boleh digabungkan dengan permainan untuk menghindari kebosanan murid jika guru terlalu kerap menggunakan teknik latih tubi. Guru juga boleh mengadakan muzik latar yang sesuai untuk menarik minat murid ketika menulis.
Di pusat prasekolah kanak-kanak diberi penekankan dengan kemahiran menulis secara mekanis dengan tujuan kanak-kanak dapat menghasilkan tulisan yang kemas. Pada peringkat awal pembelajaran menulis dalam kalangan kanak-kanak prasekolah adalah suatu aktiviti yang menyeronokkan Aktiviti-aktiviti seperti membuat corak, menekap dan membentuk huruf adalah penting. Aktiviti-aktiviti tersebut adalah bertujuan untuk memberi latihan dan pengalaman asas. Melalui aktiviti tersebut ia dapat membantu kanak-kanak prasekolah menguasai kemahiran menulis yang selanjutnya seperti menulis huruf, suku kata, perkataan, rangkai kata dan ayat.
Guru memainkan peranan penting dalam memastikan kefahaman kanak-kanak tentang pratulisan. Terdapat banyak caranya dan salah satu ialah “Menyediakan Sudut Tulisan”. Matlamat guru prasekolah untuk menggalakkan kanak-kanak meneroka sendiri kemahiran menulis, kita seharusnya menyediakan satu suasana untuk memungkinkan perkara tersebut berlaku. Bagi kanak-kanak sudut bacaan mempunya kesan menarik sama dengan sudut main blok. Alat-alat tulisan seperti meja, kertas, sampul suarat, kad, pelekat, pita, pembaris, getah pemadam, pad stamp, klip kertas dan sebagainya boleh disediakan.
Malah, Kit Pengajaran Program KIA2M telah diperkenalkan oleh Kementerian Pelajaran. Kit ini telah disediakan sebagai alat bantu mengajar untuk membantu guru dalam menjalani Kelas Intervensi Awal Membaca dan Menulis Tahun Satu yang telah diperkenalkan oleh KementerianPelajaran.
Kit Pengajaran Program KIA2M ini mengandungi :
• 18 keping Kad Pembelajaran Membaca & Menulis :
a) Bahan Prabacaan & Pratulisan
b) Bahan Bacaan Mekanis – Huruf Vokal & Konsonan
c) Bahan Bacaan Mekanis – Suku Kata
d) Bahan Bacaan Mekanis – Frasa
e) Bahan Bacaan Mekanis – Ayat Pendek
• Satu set Papan Pameran (dengan tep pelekat velcro)
• Satu set (160 keping) Kad Huruf (Besar & Kecil)
• 6 naskhah Kit Belajar Menulis & Buku Latihan
Guru prasekolah juga boleh melengkapkan bilik darjah dengan bahan-bahan yang menggambarkan persekitaran tulisan. Bahan-bahan yang perlu disediakan adalah seperti buku-buku, majalah-majalah, katalog, poster, tanda nama jalan, isyarat-isyarat jalanraya, iklan-iklan, logo-logo restoran seperti KFC dan sebagainya. Penyediaan persekitaran yang dilengkapi dengan bahan-bahan tulisan (print) meningkatkan lagi kesedaran (awareness) mereka tentang tulisan dan bacaan.
Selain itu, guru boleh mempelbagaikan cara meningkatkan minat murid untuk menulis. Dengan menyediakan sudut tulisan dengan tray pasir / garam, kanak-kanak boleh berlatih menulis menggunakan hujung jari di atas pasir atau garam. Cara ini mudah bagi kanak-kanak untuk memadam dan menulis semula bentuk-bentuk yang diminatinya. Kanak-kanak hanya perlu mengoyang (shake) tray jika ingin memadam untuk menulis semula huruf dan sebaginya.
Kanak-kanak pada peringkat memaknakan contengan dalam penerokaan tulisan mereka boleh menulis pesan dalam aktiviti menulis olok-olok (mock writing) kepada rakan atau ibu bapa mereka. Galakkan kanak-kanak melakukan aktiviti menulis surat olok-olok (mock letter writing) kepada ibu bapa mereka. Ketika kanak-kanak melakukan aktiviti menulis surat olok-olok, guru akan menulis sebenar mesej surat tersebut dalam mock letter writingtersebut. Apabila ibu bapa mereka bertindak balas terhadap surat tersebut kanak-kanak akan merasakan bahawa tulisan mereka dapat dibaca oleh ibu bapa. Dari detik inilah akan timbul motivasi mereka untuk terus belajar menulis huruf-huruf yang sebenarnya.
Tuesday, April 3, 2012
Bermain
Main mempunyai unsur kesukarelaan, motivasi intrinsik, melibatkan penglibatan ahli dan pergerakan fizikal yang aktif serta mempunyai kualiti yang melibatkan imaginasi (Pellegrini, 1995)
Kepentingan bermain:
Kepentingan bermain bagi perkembangan fizikal:
Kepentingan bermain bagi perkembangan sosioemosi:
Kepentingan bermain bagi perkembangan kognitif:
Secara ringkas, kepentingan bermain adalah :
Kategori Main:
Permainan Sosial:
Bermaksud permainan yang dimainkan secara kumpulan
Berlaku secara berperingkat dalam perkembangan kanak-kanak ke arah mencapai kematangan bermasyarakat
Permainan Sosial
Jenis-jenis :
Jenis permainan kognitif :
Main simbolik
Main berfungsi
Main konstruktif
melibatkan pembinaan pengetahuan dan mengenali dunia
guna bahan untuk hasilkan ciptaan atau kreativiti
alat yang digunakan bukan dalam keadaan asli ttp. Untuk membina sesuatu yang lain
Main berperaturan
Secara ringkas, ciri-ciri main adalah :
Kepentingan bermain:
Menurut Piaget (1962), kanak-kanak bermain kerana :
- Meluahkan idea, perasaan dan emosi
- Tenang dan beriadah
- Menggunakan tenaga yang berlebihan
- Menyediakan diri untuk tahap perkembangan seterusnya termasuk alam dewasa
- Belajar menyelesaikan masalah yang pelbagai (kognitif, manipulatif, sosial) yang menyumbang kepada perkembangan intelek
- Melibatkan pembelajaran merentasi tiga domain : kognitif, psikomotor dan sosial
- Membudayakan proses pembelajaran
- Pembentukan jati diri, ketrampilan diri dan nilai murni
- Menggerakkan psikomotor
- Meningkatkan kemahiran fizikal – berlari, melompat, memanjat
- Meningkatkan keupayaan dan ketangkasan deria – bau, sentuh
- Meningkatkan kemahiran manipulatif – mencantum, melukis, menampal
- Meningkatkan kemahiran mengimbang – renang, kawal pernafasan
Kepentingan bermain bagi perkembangan sosioemosi:
- Belajar berinteraksi secara positif
- Belajar menghormati hak orang lain
- Menghargai alam sekitar
- Menghormati nilai budaya
Kepentingan bermain bagi perkembangan kognitif:
- Mendengar
- Berbahasa
- Membaca
- Berbincang
- Berlakon
Secara ringkas, kepentingan bermain adalah :
- Belajar konsep
- Meningkatkan keupayaan kognitif
- Memupuk pemikiran inovatif, kritis dan kreatif
- Memenuhi perasaan ingin tahu melalui penerokaan
- Membantu dalam menyelesaikan masalah
- Membina kemahiran sosial
- Memahami dunia sekeliling
- Mempelajari bahasa
- Membantu murid mengatasi perasaan bimbang dan tertekan
- Membina kemahiran kendiri yang positif
- Memupuk sikap tanggungjawab
- Mempelajari peranan orang dewasa
Kategori Main:
Permainan Sosial:
Bermaksud permainan yang dimainkan secara kumpulan
Berlaku secara berperingkat dalam perkembangan kanak-kanak ke arah mencapai kematangan bermasyarakat
Permainan Sosial
Jenis-jenis :
- Main Unoccupied – tidak bermain dengan apa-apa alatan tetapi hanya berada dalam kawasan permainan
- Main Solitary – bermain seorang diri tanpa menghirau orang lain
- Main Onlooker – memerhati rakan-rakan bermain
- Main Parallel – bermain sendirian,menggunakan cara dan alatan yang sama dengan rakan serta tanpa berbincang, kongsi alat main sendiri
- Main Associative – bermain sendirian tetapi berinteraksi, bertanya dan meminjam alatan dengan rakan
- Main Cooperative – bermain dan bekerjasama dalam kumpulan
Jenis permainan kognitif :
Main simbolik
- menggunakan imaginasi dan main peranan
- gunakan objek atau peranan yang mewakili objek atau peranan sebenar - belajar tentang peranan masa depan, menyelesaikan masalah, menghayati nilai moral dan budaya
Main berfungsi
- melibatkan gerak balas aktiviti otot spt. membaling, melontar, mengetuk
- menggunakan alat spt. Kotak, kayu, bola
- mempunyai ciri pengulangan, manipulasi, peniruan, penerokaan
melibatkan pembinaan pengetahuan dan mengenali dunia
guna bahan untuk hasilkan ciptaan atau kreativiti
alat yang digunakan bukan dalam keadaan asli ttp. Untuk membina sesuatu yang lain
Main berperaturan
- permainan formal yang melibatkan peraturan yang ditetapkan
- peraturan juga boleh dicipta sendiri secara bersama
- peraturan boleh diubahsuai mengikut lokasi atau daerah
- memperkembangkan kanak-kanak dari aspek sosial dan emosi spt. mematuhi peraturan, mengambil giliran, menghormati rakan, berkomunikasi, berkompromi dsb.
- Penglibatan aktif
- Motivasi intrinsik
- Bebas untuk memilih
- Menyeronokkan
- Melibatkan proses penyesuaian
- Penerokaan
- Simulasi
KKB
KERJA KURSUS
PPG AMBILAN
JUN 2011
TUGASAN KERJA KURSUS – PROJEK
|
Geometri
merupakan bentuk yang menarik dan dapat dilihat dalam kehidupan harian kita.
Bentuk geometri dalam kursus ini termasuk geometri satah dan geometri dalam
tiga dimensi. Anda akan mengkagum dengan bentuk-bentuk geometri ini selepas
melaksanaan projek ini.
Kerja
kursus ini merangkumi dua bahagian: (a) Ujian dan (b) Pameran.
Bahagian A: Ujian (25%)
Semua
pelajar dikehendaki mengambil ujian pada
tarikh 7.4.12. Topik-topik yang akan
diuji adalah berkaitan dengan teselasi satah,simetri satah dan transformasi; bongkah sekata dan tidak sekata; dan pembinaan geometri-kertas kejuruteraan.
Bahagian B:
Pameran (75%)
Salah satu aktiviti kursus ini ialah merancang satu
pameran mini. Anda telah dipilih untuk merancang pameran GEOMETRI. Pameran itu
mesti merangkumi perkara berikut:
- Teselasi
satah
- Bongkah
sekata dan separa sekata (regular and semi-regular solids)
- Buku
kejuruteraan kertas pop-up (Pop-up
paper engineering)
Sebagai seorang guru matematik, anda perlu mengaplikasikan konsep matematik
yang telah anda belajar dalam kursus ini
untuk melaksanakan projek anda .Projek ini perlu dijalankan 4 orang dalam satu kumpulan:
1.
Menghasilkan
(a) Satu teselasi satah dengan menggunakan GSP secara individu
(b) Kit guru yang mengandungi 5 bongkah platonik, 6 bongkah Archimedi, 2 bongkah Keppler-Poisot dan
jaringannya
(c)
Satu buku kejuruteraan pop-up sekurang-kurangnya 10 muka surat ( pop-up paper engineering
book) yang boleh digunakan sebagai bahan pengajaran dan pembelajaran matematik
sekolah rendah.
2. Pamerkan hasil
di atas pada 19-23 Mac 2012 di sekolah
pilihan anda. Ambil gambar untuk setiap bahan pameran anda.
3. Menulis laporan reflektif secara
individu berkaitan dengan pengetahuan yang diperoleh daripada pemahaman dan
pengalaman baru.
4. Kumpulkan jaringan
bongkah-bongkah itu dan gambar: teselasi, setiap bongkah, buku pop-up dan pameran dalam
folio anda. Buku pop-up dan teselasi
juga perlu disertakan.
Peringatan
-
Laporan
: Font- Arial, size 12 dan langkau baris
1 1/2
-
Bahan
bacaan dari pelbagai sumber yang berkaitan dengan teselasi satah, bongkah
–bongkah 3D dan kejuruteraan kertas pop-up
dan bibliografi perlu
disertakan
-
Hantar
tugasan dalam bentuk hard copy dan soft copy. Gambar: bongkah, buku pop-up dan pameran perlu
disertakan.
-
Bahan-bahan
pameran perlu dihantar pada 24 Mac 2012
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)
Popular Posts
-
TOPIK 1 : PENGENALAN ILMU KETAMADUNAN BAB 1- BAB 7 1. Berikut adalah istilah-istilah yang ...
-
Perpaduan negara merujuk kepada satu bentuk penyatuan pelbagai kelompok yang mempunyai latar belakang sosial, agama, budaya, dan ...
-
Pendekatan induktif bermula dariapada spesifik kepada umum . Menurut J.M Kierzek dan W.Gibson (1960), pendekatan induktif dimulakan dengan ...
-
Malaysia sebelum berdiri teguh sebagai negara membangun telah melalui pengalaman pahit. Bermula penjajahan Portugis, kemudian Inggeris, ...
-
Dalam membuat buku pop-up , kita perlu mempertimbangkan beberapa faktor dan idea untuk membuat buku ...